Periodontitis, often colloquially referred to as pyorrhea, is an oral pathological condition resulting from a bacterial infection affecting the periodontium, i.e., the tissues supporting the teeth.
Periodontitis is caused by a bacterial infection targeting the periodontium, which is the collective term for the tissues responsible for the support and sustenance of the teeth, including the gums, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments.
Alarming Statistic
An alarming aspect is that about 50% of adults across various populations are likely to encounter some type of periodontal problem in their lifetime, underscoring the importance of a deep understanding of this disease.
This oral pathology initially manifests as an infectious process at the gum level, later extending to other support tissues such as the bone and periodontal ligament. The presence of bacterial plaque, along with the activity of certain microorganisms, is the primary cause of this degenerative process.
In the more advanced stages of the disease, significant loss of both bone and gum tissue can be identified, leading to the exposure of tooth roots and frequent bleeding of the gums. Additionally, periodontal pockets form between the tooth root and adjacent bone, facilitating the accumulation of tartar and various microorganisms, potentially leading to the formation of periodontal abscesses.
Gingivitis, characterized by the inflammation of the gums, marks the beginning of the spectrum of periodontal diseases. The progression of this pathology, as well as its prognosis, is influenced by a variety of factors, making early identification and appropriate intervention crucial to prevent progression to more severe stages.
The field of periodontics, or periodontology, is a dental medicine specialization dedicated exclusively to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases.
The periodontist, a professional specialized in this area, is the most suitable person for the treatment of periodontitis and should be consulted at the first signs or symptoms of this condition. The role of this specialist is crucial not only for treating the disease itself but also for advising and implementing effective preventive measures.
The etiology of periodontitis is mostly attributed to inadequate oral hygiene, which allows the accumulation of bacterial plaque in the gingival area adjacent to the teeth. This biofilm, initially colorless, can become yellow or white over time if not properly removed. The persistence of this plaque leads to the inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis, which can evolve into the formation of tartar and, eventually, periodontitis if not timely treated.
Besides poor oral hygiene, other factors can contribute to the development of periodontitis, including dental caries, poor alignment of teeth, ill-fitted dental prostheses or orthodontic appliances, deficient dental restorations, the use of certain medications, inadequate nutrition, fungal or viral infections, among others. Mouth breathing, hormonal changes during pregnancy or puberty, and even factors such as smoking and stress can also predispose one to this condition.
The signs and symptoms of periodontitis are varied and can include persistent bad breath, red, swollen or receding gums, bleeding of the gums at the slightest touch, pain and sensitivity in the gums, tooth mobility, and changes in the position of the teeth due to the formation of periodontal pockets.
Contrary to popular belief, periodontitis is not considered a contagious disease in the strict sense of the term. However, the transmission of bacteria through saliva can increase the risk of development.
